The economy of Russia during 1700s changed and advanced because of Peter the Great. He modernized the economy by improving Russian trade relations with the mercantilist powerhouses of Western Europe. Western mercantlislim encouraged trade between agriculture, industry, and commerce. Promoting foreign trade continued Russia’s westernization. The states stated the prices of the goods and were the first to buy the products from the industries.
The Great Northern War, (February 1700), required a great deal of economic resources. Because of the government was constant need for money, Russia acted by monopolizing certain industries such as salt, vodka, oak, and tar.
This graph shows the steady incline of domestic products produced during and after Peter's reign.
Political Backdrop
Peter the Great improved Russia’s political system during the time of his rule. He reformed the government and modernized the Russian Empire by modeling those of Western and Central European models. Before Peter and his rule, Russia’s government had been antiquated compared to those in Western Europe. The state had been divided into uyezeds. Uyezds consisted of cities and their immediate surrounding areas. They ultimately divided the population unevenly and was hard to mange. Because of its unsucess, Peter abolished the subdivisions in 1708. He replaced them with eight governorates (guberniyas): Moscow, Ingermanland, Kiev, Smolensk, Archangelgorod, Kazan, Azov, and Siberian. Each govern orates was staffed with eight to twelve civil servants who assisted a royally appointed governor. Then in 1719, Peter remodeled Russia’s divisions once more the model those of the Swedish system of provinces. The new Russian provinces were larger, more politically important areas that received more political autonomy, while smaller, rural areas were controlled more directly by the state.
Timeline .
Aspects of Culture
Social Backdrop Russia saw an alteration in the daily life of the upper classes and high culture. It lead to a divide between their wealth groups. Nobility conformed to Western models in dress, customs, social life, and education. Nobles served as state officials while aristocrats, living outside of Moscow, and unlimited authority if they were willing to be loyal the tsar. Peasant families convened in communes. They helped each other deal with the harsh climate, poor harvests, and terrible landlord. Peasants also began to be legally bound to nobles as serfs.
Russia's Social Structure:
Table of Ranks:
The Table of Ranks was introduced by Peter the Great in 1722 and was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. This system was introduced while Russia was struggling with existing hereditary nobility. The Table was organized by four columns with 14 rows, with all nobles regardless of birth or wealth beginnning at the bottom of the table and rising through their service to the tsar. The columns were Grade, Civil Ranks, Military ranks, Courts Ranks and the rows were the name of the noble.
Education Peter the Great made officers who wanted to join the military have to been thorougly educated. Peter realized that there was an importance of being well educated in the math and science created a more successful military and army. Because of different jobs needed different educations, Peter helped found the School of Navigation and Maths. Established in 1701, British teachers ran the school. Later, more schools were established in the fields of medicine, engineering, and sciences. Peter also found it important to teach younger citizens about Russian society, specially culture and traditions.
Artistic Innovation
Ewer and basin, ca. 1726 Tea and Coffee Service, ca. 1773 Tureen with stand from the Orloff Service, ca. 1770-1771
These Russian pieces are all from the 1700s and are similar because of the materials that they are made of (very nice, expansive materials)
People of Russia, ca. 1780-1800 Harlequin and Harlequin Dressed as Colombine, ca. 1770-1780
These Russian pieces are all from the 1700s and are similar because of the materials that they are made of (expansive porcelain).
This piece, Portrait of the Field Hetman, was painted by the Russian artist Ivan Nikitin (1688-1741). His painting demonstrates what he learned when Peter the Great sponsored a group of Russian artists to go to Europe and study European art. This demonstrates European style in its dramatic color and light.
Classic literary texts
In 1758, Mikhail Lomonosov issued “Predisloviye o polze knig tserkovnykh v rossiyskom yazyke” (“Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language”). In his book, he classified Russian and Church Slavonic words. He classified the words by assigning them to three styles and correlated their styles with themes, genres, and tones. Russian literary language was established by a combination of Russian and Church Slavonic.
“Predisloviye o polze knig tserkovnykh v rossiyskom yazyke” (“Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language”)
Religion During his reign, Peter reformed the church after the model of the Byzantine Empire. His reform gave him the power to veto the election of new bishops, be involved in major ecclesiastical decisions. The government of the church was under the control of appointed bishops and lay bureaucrats by the Emperor. They were called the “Most Holy Governing synod”. This committee was made after Peter followed the advice of Feofan Prokopovich (a Russian Archbishop) and made the committee to replace the Partriarch and the Coadjutor. Peter also created a law stating that no Russian men could join a monastery before the age of 50 because he felt that the men could rather join the army.
Architecture
In the 17th century, Peter the Great created a team of Russian and German architect to construct the Kremlin Arsenal. It is a former armory (place where arms and ammunition were made) built within Moscow. It is important because it symbolizes Peter's importance on military.
Observations about what we have learned.
Throughout my studies into the late 1600s to the early 1700s, I have observed that Peter the Great's main goal was to westernize Russia so that the country could compete military, commercially, and socially with Western Europe. To westernize Russia, he had to make many reforms in education, economy, politics, culture, and religion. His reforms were influenced by Europe after his European tour (1697-1698). By making his reforms, Peter was able to make a stronger country that was forever growing and overall helped Russia to prosper in all aspects of the country for many years to come. Also from this project I have learned a lot about deciding what information is needed and not. Though Russia had a lot of information on Peter the Great, I did not want to overwhelm my reader and use information that was not relevant. I needed to figure out what was important and added to my wikispace rather than using useless facts that did not add to my project.
Works Cited
"Guggenheim." Arts Curriculum. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." People of Russia [Russian; Saint Petersburg, Imperial Porcelain Manufactory] (1982.60.167,.175). N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "History of Russia." History of Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "History of Russia." History of Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "«На пользу любителям красноречия»." «На пользу любителям красноречия». N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "Peter the Great." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "Peter the Great." Peter the Great. Soylent Communications, 2014. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. Pollard, Elizabeth, Clifford Rosenberg, Robert L. Tignor, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Peter Brown, Benjamin Elman, Stephen Kotkin, Xinru Liu, Susanne Marchand, Holly Pittman, Gyan Prakash, Brent Shaw, and Michael Tsin. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York/London: Norton, n.d. Print. "Revolution in Russia." Revolution in Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "Russian Literature." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "Saki's World :: The Kremlin :: Arsenal_an_administrative_building_now." Saki's World :: The Kremlin :: Arsenal_an_administrative_building_now. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. "Tours-TV.com: Kremlin Arsenal." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
Hannah Frisch
Economic Backdrop
The economy of Russia during 1700s changed and advanced because of Peter the Great. He modernized the economy by improving Russian trade relations with the mercantilist powerhouses of Western Europe. Western mercantlislim encouraged trade between agriculture, industry, and commerce. Promoting foreign trade continued Russia’s westernization. The states stated the prices of the goods and were the first to buy the products from the industries.
The Great Northern War, (February 1700), required a great deal of economic resources. Because of the government was constant need for money, Russia acted by monopolizing certain industries such as salt, vodka, oak, and tar.
This graph shows the steady incline of domestic products produced during and after Peter's reign.
Political Backdrop
Peter the Great improved Russia’s political system during the time of his rule. He reformed the government and modernized the Russian Empire by modeling those of Western and Central European models. Before Peter and his rule, Russia’s government had been antiquated compared to those in Western Europe. The state had been divided into uyezeds. Uyezds consisted of cities and their immediate surrounding areas. They ultimately divided the population unevenly and was hard to mange. Because of its unsucess, Peter abolished the subdivisions in 1708. He replaced them with eight governorates (guberniyas): Moscow, Ingermanland, Kiev, Smolensk, Archangelgorod, Kazan, Azov, and Siberian. Each govern orates was staffed with eight to twelve civil servants who assisted a royally appointed governor. Then in 1719, Peter remodeled Russia’s divisions once more the model those of the Swedish system of provinces. The new Russian provinces were larger, more politically important areas that received more political autonomy, while smaller, rural areas were controlled more directly by the state.
Timeline
.
Aspects of Culture
Social Backdrop
Russia saw an alteration in the daily life of the upper classes and high culture. It lead to a divide between their wealth groups. Nobility conformed to Western models in dress, customs, social life, and education. Nobles served as state officials while aristocrats, living outside of Moscow, and unlimited authority if they were willing to be loyal the tsar. Peasant families convened in communes. They helped each other deal with the harsh climate, poor harvests, and terrible landlord. Peasants also began to be legally bound to nobles as serfs.
Russia's Social Structure:
Table of Ranks:
The Table of Ranks was introduced by Peter the Great in 1722 and was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. This system was introduced while Russia was struggling with existing hereditary nobility. The Table was organized by four columns with 14 rows, with all nobles regardless of birth or wealth beginnning at the bottom of the table and rising through their service to the tsar. The columns were Grade, Civil Ranks, Military ranks, Courts Ranks and the rows were the name of the noble.
Education
Peter the Great made officers who wanted to join the military have to been thorougly educated. Peter realized that there was an importance of being well educated in the math and science created a more successful military and army. Because of different jobs needed different educations, Peter helped found the School of Navigation and Maths. Established in 1701, British teachers ran the school. Later, more schools were established in the fields of medicine, engineering, and sciences.
Peter also found it important to teach younger citizens about Russian society, specially culture and traditions.
Artistic Innovation
These Russian pieces are all from the 1700s and are similar because of the materials that they are made of (very nice, expansive materials)
These Russian pieces are all from the 1700s and are similar because of the materials that they are made of (expansive porcelain).
This piece, Portrait of the Field Hetman, was painted by the Russian artist Ivan Nikitin (1688-1741). His painting demonstrates what he learned when Peter the Great sponsored a group of Russian artists to go to Europe and study European art. This demonstrates European style in its dramatic color and light.
Classic literary texts
In 1758, Mikhail Lomonosov issued “Predisloviye o polze knig tserkovnykh v rossiyskom yazyke” (“Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language”). In his book, he classified Russian and Church Slavonic words. He classified the words by assigning them to three styles and correlated their styles with themes, genres, and tones. Russian literary language was established by a combination of Russian and Church Slavonic.
“Predisloviye o polze knig tserkovnykh v rossiyskom yazyke” (“Preface on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language”)
Religion
During his reign, Peter reformed the church after the model of the Byzantine Empire. His reform gave him the power to veto the election of new bishops, be involved in major ecclesiastical decisions. The government of the church was under the control of appointed bishops and lay bureaucrats by the Emperor. They were called the “Most Holy Governing synod”. This committee was made after Peter followed the advice of Feofan Prokopovich (a Russian Archbishop) and made the committee to replace the Partriarch and the Coadjutor. Peter also created a law stating that no Russian men could join a monastery before the age of 50 because he felt that the men could rather join the army.
Architecture
In the 17th century, Peter the Great created a team of Russian and German architect to construct the Kremlin Arsenal. It is a former armory (place where arms and ammunition were made) built within Moscow. It is important because it symbolizes Peter's importance on military.
Observations about what we have learned.
Throughout my studies into the late 1600s to the early 1700s, I have observed that Peter the Great's main goal was to westernize Russia so that the country could compete military, commercially, and socially with Western Europe. To westernize Russia, he had to make many reforms in education, economy, politics, culture, and religion. His reforms were influenced by Europe after his European tour (1697-1698). By making his reforms, Peter was able to make a stronger country that was forever growing and overall helped Russia to prosper in all aspects of the country for many years to come.
Also from this project I have learned a lot about deciding what information is needed and not. Though Russia had a lot of information on Peter the Great, I did not want to overwhelm my reader and use information that was not relevant. I needed to figure out what was important and added to my wikispace rather than using useless facts that did not add to my project.
Works Cited
"Guggenheim." Arts Curriculum. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." People of Russia [Russian; Saint Petersburg, Imperial Porcelain Manufactory] (1982.60.167,.175). N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"History of Russia." History of Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"History of Russia." History of Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"«На пользу любителям красноречия»." «На пользу любителям красноречия». N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"Peter the Great." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"Peter the Great." Peter the Great. Soylent Communications, 2014. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
Pollard, Elizabeth, Clifford Rosenberg, Robert L. Tignor, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Peter Brown, Benjamin Elman, Stephen Kotkin, Xinru Liu, Susanne Marchand, Holly Pittman, Gyan Prakash, Brent Shaw, and Michael Tsin. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York/London: Norton, n.d. Print.
"Revolution in Russia." Revolution in Russia. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"Russian Literature." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"Saki's World :: The Kremlin :: Arsenal_an_administrative_building_now." Saki's World :: The Kremlin :: Arsenal_an_administrative_building_now. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
"Tours-TV.com: Kremlin Arsenal." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.